Rit 2018./2019. Mācību gada 2. Semestris, kuru daudzi no skolēniem atkal sākuši ar jaunu sparu, lai semestra noslēgumā uz liecībām saņemtu maksimāli augstus vērtējumus un mēģinātu tikt galā ar tiem mācību priekšmetiem, kas pirmajā semestrī ir sagādājuši grūtības.

Glikogenoza – hereditary diseases which cornerstone genetic defect of production of the enzymes which are taking part in metabolism of carbohydrates is. A characteristic general sign – excessive adjournment of a glycogen in miotsita, hepatocytes and other cages of an organism. Glikogenoza are shown by symptoms of a hypoglycemia, a gepatomegaliya, muscular weakness, a liver, heart, respiratory and renal failure. Diagnostics includes biochemical blood test, a morphological research of biopsiyny material of muscles and a liver, definition of activity of enzymes, molecular genetic tests. Treatment is based on clinical nutrition, medicamentous correction of metabolic frustration, in some cases operations are required. Logic pro x keyboard shortcuts pdf converter. The research of glikogenoz is conducted since 1910.

In 1928-29 the symptomatology of a glikogenoz of the I type – 'a disease of accumulation of a glycogen' was described. Only in 1952 it was succeeded to reveal fermental defect and to establish its connection with development of symptoms. Pathogenetic mechanisms and ways of treatment still remain not up to the end studied. 12 types of glikogenoz are so far allocated, 9 are most fully investigated. Prevalence is low, averages 1 case on 40-68 thousand of the population. Epidemiological indicators are identical among representatives of both floors, but at X-recessive inheritance of the man are ill more often.

Symptoms are shown in the period of a neonatality or in the early childhood, the current is more often continuously progressing. Reasons of glikogenoz The only factor provoking development of glikogenovy diseases is genetic defect from which insufficiency of the certain enzyme participating in glucose exchange results.

All glikogenoza except for the IX type are inherited by the autosomno-recessive principle. It means that the mutational gene is located on the chromosome which is not linked to a floor, display of a disease is possible only at inheritance of mutations from each of parents – in the presence of two recessive changed genes in an allele. If one gene from couple is defective, then another – prepotent, normal – provides an organism with enough enzyme. The person at the same time becomes the carrier of a glikogenoz, but is not ill. In couples where both partners – carriers, the probability of the birth of the sick child makes 25%. At a glikogenoza of type IX the pathological gene is localized in a sexual X-chromosome.

Gemizigotny men have couple of XY, are always sick glikogenozy, give defect to all the daughters. The probability of transfer of a mutation from the female bearer to children of both floors makes 50%. Pathogenesis Pathogenetic basis of all glikogenoz – impossibility of process of synthesis and disintegration of a glycogen, its accumulation in fabrics. The glycogen is the only reserve polysaccharide of an organism, peculiar power 'depot' – after meal surplus of glucose turns into a glycogen of a liver and muscles, then is gradually split back to glucose.

Thanks to this mechanism the stable level of sugar in plasma of blood is supported, cages and body tissues are continuously provided with energy. At an aglikogenoza (0 type) – there is no enzyme of a glikogensintetaz, responsible for production of a glycogen. Patients suffer from a heavy hypoglycemia. At glikogenovy diseases of types 1-11 there is genetically caused insufficiency of any enzyme catalyzing a chain glucose-glycogen-glucose.

1 type is characterized by defect of glyukozo-6-phosphatase and the glyukozo-6-fosfattranslokazy, 2 type – alpha 1,4 -, the 3rd type – the amilo-1,6-glyukozidazy, 4 type – D-1,4--α-, the 5th type – glikogenfosforilaza of miotsit, the 6th type – krakhmalfosforilaza of hepatocytes, the 7th type – fosfoglyukomutaza, the 8th type – fosfofruktomutaza, the 9th type – kinases of a fosforilaza of hepatocytes. Because of the reduced activity or total absence of enzyme the glycogen collects in muscles, a liver, is rare – in other fabrics. The structure and functionality of bodies changes, various forms of organ insufficiency develop. Classification Taking into account enzymatic defect and features of clinical manifestations allocate 12 options of glikogenoz, from 0 to XI. Besides, cases of the combined types when deficiency of two enzymes, and also cases of not identified types at which it is not possible to mark out fermental defect is defined are described. According to the leading pathogenetic mechanism glikogenovy diseases are subdivided into three big groups: • Hepatic. Include glikogenoza of all types, except II, V and VII.